Peirce’s Law

Posted on October 6, 2008 by Jon Awbrey

A Curious Truth of Classical Logic

Peirce’s law is a propositional calculus formula which states a non‑obvious truth of classical logic and affords a novel way of defining classical propositional calculus.

Introduction

Peirce’s law is commonly expressed in the following form.

((p \Rightarrow q) \Rightarrow p) \Rightarrow p

Peirce’s law holds in classical propositional calculus, but not in intuitionistic propositional calculus.  The precise axiom system one chooses for classical propositional calculus determines whether Peirce’s law is taken as an axiom or proven as a theorem.

History

Here is Peirce’s own statement and proof of the law:

A fifth icon is required for the principle of excluded middle and other propositions connected with it.  One of the simplest formulae of this kind is:

\{ (x \,-\!\!\!< y) \,-\!\!\!< x \} \,-\!\!\!< x.

This is hardly axiomatical.  That it is true appears as follows.  It can only be false by the final consequent x being false while its antecedent (x \,-\!\!\!< y) \,-\!\!\!< x is true.  If this is true, either its consequent, x, is true, when the whole formula would be true, or its antecedent x \,-\!\!\!< y is false.  But in the last case the antecedent of x \,-\!\!\!< y, that is x, must be true.  (Peirce, CP 3.384).

Peirce goes on to point out an immediate application of the law:

From the formula just given, we at once get:

\{ (x \,-\!\!\!< y) \,-\!\!\!< \alpha \} \,-\!\!\!< x,

where the \alpha is used in such a sense that (x \,-\!\!\!< y) \,-\!\!\!< \alpha means that from (x \,-\!\!\!< y) every proposition follows.  With that understanding, the formula states the principle of excluded middle, that from the falsity of the denial of x follows the truth of x.  (Peirce, CP 3.384).

Note.  Peirce uses the sign of illation ``-\!\!\!<" for implication.  In one place he explains ``-\!\!\!<" as a variant of the sign ``\le" for less than or equal to;  in another place he suggests that A \,-\!\!\!< B is an iconic way of representing a state of affairs where A, in every way that it can be, is B.

Graphical Representation

Representing propositions in the language of logical graphs, and operating under the existential interpretation, Peirce’s law is expressed by means of the following formal equivalence or logical equation.

Peirce's Law

Graphical Proof

Using the axiom set given in the articles on logical graphs, Peirce’s law may be proved in the following manner.

Peirce's Law • Proof

The following animation replays the steps of the proof.

Peirce's Law • Proof Animation

Equational Form

A stronger form of Peirce’s law also holds, in which the final implication is observed to be reversible, resulting in the following equivalence.

((p \Rightarrow q) \Rightarrow p) \Leftrightarrow p

The converse implication p \Rightarrow ((p \Rightarrow q) \Rightarrow p) is clear enough on general principles, since p \Rightarrow (r \Rightarrow p) holds for any proposition r.

Representing propositions as logical graphs under the existential interpretation, the strong form of Peirce’s law is expressed by the following equation.

Peirce's Law : Strong Form

Using the axioms and theorems listed in the entries on logical graphs, the equational form of Peirce’s law may be proved in the following manner.

Peirce's Law : Strong Form • Proof

The following animation replays the steps of the proof.

Peirce's Law : Strong Form • Proof Animation

References

  • Peirce, Charles Sanders (1885), “On the Algebra of Logic : A Contribution to the Philosophy of Notation”, American Journal of Mathematics 7 (1885), 180–202.  Reprinted (CP 3.359–403), (CE 5, 162–190).
  • Peirce, Charles Sanders (1931–1935, 1958), Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vols. 1–6, Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss (eds.), vols. 7–8, Arthur W. Burks (ed.), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.  Cited as (CP volume.paragraph).
  • Peirce, Charles Sanders (1981–), Writings of Charles S. Peirce : A Chronological Edition, Peirce Edition Project (eds.), Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN.  Cited as (CE volume, page).

Resources

cc: FB | Logical Graphs • Laws of Form • Mathstodon • Academia.edu
cc: Conceptual Graphs • Cybernetics • Structural Modeling • Systems Science

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