Inquiry Into Inquiry

Comments I made in reply to a correspondent’s questions about delimiters and tokenizing in the Learner module may be worth sharing here.

In one of the projects I submitted toward a Master’s in psychology I used the Theme One program to analyze samples of data from my advisor’s funded research study on family dynamics.  In one phase of the study observers viewed video-taped sessions of family members (parent and child) interacting in various modes (“play” or “work”) and coded qualitative features of each moment’s activity over a period of time.

The following page describes the application in more detail and reflects on its implications for the conduct of scientific inquiry in general.

• Exploratory Qualitative Analysis of Sequential Observation Data

In this application a “phrase” or “string” is a fixed-length sequence of qualitative features and a “clause” or “strand” is a sequence of such phrases delimited by what the observer judges to be a significant pause in the action.

In the qualitative research phases of the study one is simply attempting to discern any significant or recurring patterns in the data one possibly can.

In this case the observers are tokenizing the observations according to a codebook that has passed enough intercoder reliability studies to afford them all a measure of confidence it captures meaningful aspects of whatever reality is passing before their eyes and ears.

Resources

• Theme One Program • Overview
• Theme One Program • Exposition
• Theme One Program • User Guide
• Theme One Program • Survey Page

cc: Conceptual Graphs • Cybernetics • Laws of Form • Ontolog Forum
cc: FB | Theme One Program • Structural Modeling • Systems Science

Since I’m working from decades-old memories of first inklings I thought I might peruse the web for current information about Zipf’s Law.  I see there is now something called the Zipf–Mandelbrot (and sometimes –Pareto) Law and that was interesting because my wife Susan Awbrey made use of Mandelbrot’s ideas about self-similarity in her dissertation and communicated with him about it.  So there’s more to read up on.

Just off-hand, though, I think my Learner is dealing with a different problem.  It has more to do with the savings in effort a learner gets by anticipating future experiences based on its record of past experiences than the savings it gets by minimizing bits of storage as far as mechanically possible.  There is still a type of compression involved but it’s more like Korzybski’s “time-binding” than space-savings proper.  Speaking of old memories …

The other difference I see is that Zipf’s Law applies to an established and preferably large corpus of linguistic material, while my Learner has to start from scratch, accumulating experience over time, making the best of whatever data it has at the outset and every moment thereafter.

Resources

• Theme One Program • Overview
• Theme One Program • Exposition
• Theme One Program • User Guide
• Theme One Program • Survey Page

cc: Conceptual Graphs • Cybernetics • Laws of Form • Ontolog Forum
cc: FB | Theme One Program • Structural Modeling • Systems Science

From Zipf’s Law and the category of “things that vary inversely with frequency” I got my first brush with the idea that keeping track of usage frequencies is part and parcel of building efficient codes.

In its first application the environment the Learner has to learn is the usage behavior of its user, as given by finite sequences of characters from a finite alphabet, which sequences of characters might as well be called “words”, together with finite sequences of those words which might as well be called “phrases” or “sentences”.  In other words, Job One for the Learner is the job of constructing a “user model”.

In that frame of mind we are not seeking anything so grand as a Universal Induction Algorithm but simply looking for any approach to give us a leg up, complexity wise, in Interactive Real Time.

Resources

• Theme One Program • Overview
• Theme One Program • Exposition
• Theme One Program • User Guide
• Theme One Program • Survey Page

cc: Conceptual Graphs • Cybernetics • Laws of Form • Ontolog Forum
cc: FB | Theme One Program • Structural Modeling • Systems Science

Sometime around 1970 John B. Eulenberg came from Stanford to direct Michigan State’s Artificial Language Lab, where I would come to spend many interesting hours hanging out all through the 70s and 80s.  Along with its research program the lab did a lot of work on augmentative communication technology for limited mobility users and the observations I made there prompted the first inklings of my Learner program.

Early in that period I visited John’s course in mathematical linguistics, which featured Laws of Form among its readings, along with the more standard fare of Wall, Chomsky, Jackendoff, and the Unified Science volume by Charles Morris which credited Peirce with pioneering the pragmatic theory of signs.  I learned about Zipf’s Law relating the lengths of codes to their usage frequencies and I named the earliest avatar of my Learner program XyPh, partly after Zipf and playing on the xylem and phloem of its tree data structures.

Resources

• Theme One Program • Overview
• Theme One Program • Exposition
• Theme One Program • User Guide
• Theme One Program • Survey Page

cc: Conceptual Graphs • Cybernetics • Laws of Form • Ontolog Forum
cc: FB | Theme One Program • Structural Modeling • Systems Science

A side‑effect of working on the Theme One program over the course of a decade was the measure of insight it gave me into the reasons why empiricists and rationalists have so much trouble understanding each other, even when those two styles of thinking inhabit the very same soul.

The way it came about was this.  The code from which the program is currently assembled initially came from two distinct programs, ones I developed in alternate years, at first only during the summers.

In the Learner program I sought to implement a Humean empiricist style of learning algorithm for the adaptive uptake of coded sequences of occurrences in the environment, say, as codified in a formal language.  I knew all the theorems from formal language theory telling how limited any such strategy must ultimately be in terms of its generative capacity, but I wanted to explore the boundaries of that capacity in concrete computational terms.

In the Modeler program I aimed to implement a variant of Peirce’s graphical syntax for propositional logic, making use of graph-theoretic extensions I had developed over the previous decade.

As I mentioned, work on those two projects proceeded in a parallel series of fits and starts through interwoven summers for a number of years, until one day it dawned on me how the Learner, one of whose aliases was Index, could be put to work helping with sundry substitution tasks the Modeler needed to carry out.

So I began integrating the functions of the Learner and the Modeler, at first still working on the two component modules in an alternating manner, but devoting a portion of effort to amalgamating their principal data structures, bringing them into convergence with each other, and unifying them over a common basis.

Another round of seasons and many changes of mind and programming style, I arrived at a unified graph-theoretic data structure, strung like a wire through the far‑flung pearls of my programmed wit.  But the pearls I polished in alternate years maintained their shine along axes of polarization whose grains remained skew in regard to each other.  To put it more plainly, the strategies I imagined were the smartest tricks to pull from the standpoint of optimizing the program’s performance on the Learning task I found the next year were the dumbest moves to pull from the standpoint of its performance on the Reasoning task.  I gradually came to appreciate that trade-off as a discovery.

Resources

• Theme One Program • Overview
• Theme One Program • Exposition
• Theme One Program • User Guide
• Theme One Program • Survey Page

cc: Conceptual Graphs • Cybernetics • Laws of Form • Ontolog Forum
cc: FB | Theme One Program • Structural Modeling • Systems Science

The main idea behind the Theme One program is the efficient use of graph-theoretic data structures for the tasks of “learning” and “reasoning”.

I am thinking of learning in the sense of learning about an environment, in essence, gaining information about the nature of an environment and being able to apply the information acquired to a specific purpose.

Under the heading of reasoning I am simply lumping together all the ordinary sorts of practical activities which would probably occur to most people under that name.

There is a natural relation between the tasks.  Learning the character of an environment leads to the recognition of laws which govern the environment and making full use of that recognition requires the ability to reason logically about those laws in abstract terms.

Resources

• Theme One Program • Overview
• Theme One Program • Exposition
• Theme One Program • User Guide
• Theme One Program • Survey Page

cc: Conceptual Graphs • Cybernetics • Laws of Form • Ontolog Forum
cc: FB | Theme One Program • Structural Modeling • Systems Science